On this date in 1863, the “Enrollment Act” (mandatory draft) takes effect, with exemption for the wealthy, which led to summer draft riots in New York and other major northern cities (Newark & Jersey City, New Jersey; Toledo, Ohio; Evansville, Illinois and Boston, Massachusetts).

The Enrollment Act of 1863, also known as the Conscription Act, was a pivotal piece of legislation during the American Civil War. It authorized the federal government to draft men into military service, initially targeting men between the ages of 20 and 45. However, the act allowed wealthier individuals to pay $300 (equivalent to a significant sum at the time) to avoid service, which created a severe disparity. This led to resentment, particularly among the working class and the poor, who were disproportionately affected by the draft.

In New York City, the most notable and violent riots occurred in July 1863. The New York City Draft Riots were fueled by frustration with the draft system, racial tensions, and economic hardships. For several days, the city descended into chaos, with protesters attacking draft offices, police stations, and African American neighborhoods. The riots were brutally suppressed by the military, resulting in hundreds of deaths and injuries. Other cities, including Newark, Jersey City, and Toledo, also saw instances of unrest, although none reached the scale of the violence in New York.

The Enrollment Act marked a significant moment in Civil War history, not only because of the draft but also because it highlighted the deep divisions within Northern society.