Martin R. Delany published The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, the first major work articulating a Black nationalist philosophy. In it, Delany argued that African Americans would never achieve full freedom or equality in the United States and proposed emigration as a path to self-determination. He famously wrote, “The claims of no people, according to established policy and usage, are respected by any nation, until they are presented in the attitude of independence.” His work laid the intellectual groundwork for future Black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements.
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