On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain, marking the beginning of the Spanish-American War—and with it, the mobilization of several African American volunteer units. Among the most notable were the 3rd Alabama, 3rd North Carolina, 6th Virginia, 9th Ohio, 9th Illinois, and 23rd Kansas regiments, alongside the famed 10th Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers). Many of these regiments were led by African American officers, a rare distinction at the time.

These soldiers would go on to serve with distinction in Cuba, enduring not only the brutality of battle but also the sting of segregation and skepticism from their own military leadership. When they returned home, they were often denied recognition or benefits, sparking early civil rights activism and further fueling calls for justice and equality within the armed forces.