The Mississippi Plan of 1890 was a strategy used by white lawmakers in Mississippi to disenfranchise Black voters through legal and constitutional means. On August 12, 1890, Mississippi adopted a new state constitution that imposed barriers such as literacy tests, poll taxes, and understanding clauses, which were designed to circumvent the 15th Amendment while effectively excluding Black citizens from voting. These measures set a precedent for other Southern states to implement similar voter suppression laws, leading to the widespread disenfranchisement of Black Americans for decades until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 helped to dismantle such practices.  Similar statutes were adopted by South Carolina (1895), Louisiana (1898), North Carolina (1900), Alabama (1901), Virginia (1901), Georgia (1908), and Oklahoma (1910). Southern states later used “White primaries” and other devices to exclude Black voters.