During the Second Seminole War, a combined force of Seminole Indians and Black Seminoles was defeated by American troops at the Battle of Okeechobee in Florida. Black Seminole leader John Horse (also known as Juan Caballo) shared command alongside Seminole chiefs Alligator, Sam Jones, and Wild Cat. The battle, although technically a U.S. victory, inflicted heavy casualties and demonstrated the resilience and military skill of the Seminole and Black Seminole fighters.
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