Facts on 3 December
1883 – Black Political and Social Milestones Amid Rising Violence
  • The 48th U.S. Congress (1883–1885) convened with two Black representatives:

    • James E. O’Hara of North Carolina

    • Robert Smalls of South Carolina, a former enslaved man and Civil War hero

  • George L. Ruffin was appointed City Judge in Boston, becoming one of the first African Americans to hold a judicial post in a major U.S. city.

  • Despite these achievements, racist violence escalated, with 53 African Americans reportedly lynched in 1883, highlighting the dangerous and hostile climate of the post-Reconstruction era.

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