The 48th U.S. Congress (1883–1885) convened with two Black representatives:
James E. O’Hara of North Carolina
Robert Smalls of South Carolina, a former enslaved man and Civil War hero
George L. Ruffin was appointed City Judge in Boston, becoming one of the first African Americans to hold a judicial post in a major U.S. city.
Despite these achievements, racist violence escalated, with 53 African Americans reportedly lynched in 1883, highlighting the dangerous and hostile climate of the post-Reconstruction era.
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